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Crystal Chemistry
Analytical techniques
Classification of tourmaline
Major element chemistry
Trace element chemistry
Sector zoning

Crystallography

Experimental data
Stability relations
Synthesis

Fault zones and kinematics

Fibrous tourmaline
Crystal chemistry
Morphology

Fluid/mineral inclusions

Gemstones

Health effects

Igneous rocks
Anorthosites
Granitoids
     Tourmaline granitoids
     Granitoid pegmatites
Greisens/Hydrothermal settings
Mafic plutonics
Tektites
Ultramafics/kimberlites
Volcanic rocks

Isotopes
B isotopes
H and O isotopes
Si isotopes
Sr isotopes

Metamorphic rocks
Amphibolites
Blueschists
Calcareous metasediments
Cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks
Eclogites
Felsic Gneisses
Granulites/Charnockites
     Metapelitic paragneiss
     Pegmatites (abyssal class)
Greenstones
Meta-arkoses
Meta-evaporites
Meta-ironstones
Metapelites/metaquartzites
Meta-ultramafics
Migmatites
Quartz veins
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Ore deposits
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Physical properties
Chatoyance/asterism
Density
Elastic constants
Electrical properties
Fracture
Hardness
Luminescence
Morphology
Surface properties
Thermal properties

Sediments and Sedimentary rocks
Detrital tourmaline
Diagenetic tourmaline
Evaporites
Weathering of tourmaline

Spectroscopy and microscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Luminescence
Magnetic properties
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Optical reflectivity
Optical spectroscopy and color
Raman spectroscopy
Synchrotron radiation
Thermoluminescence
TEM

Thermochemical data

Tourmaline breccias

Tourmalinites
Metapelites

Experimental data on tourmaline

last update: 04/17/06

Ertl, A., Hughes, J. M., Prowatke, S., Rossman, G. R., London, D. and Fritz, E. A. (2003) Mn-rich tourmaline from Austria: structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and relations to synthetic solid solutions. American Mineralogist, 88, 1379-1376.

Frondel, C. (1935) Vectorial chemical alteration of crystals. American Mineralogist, 20, 852-862.

Fuchs, Y. and Lagache, M. (1993) Experimental results on chlorite-tourmaline equilibrium conditions. EUG VI, Strasbourg.

Fuchs, Y. and Lagache, M. (1994) The chlorite-tourmaline transformation in natural and experimental hydrothermal environments. Comptes Rendus de 1' Academie des Sciences Serie II, 319, 907-913.

Fuh, T. M. (1965) A hydrothermal breakdown of tourmaline at high temperatures. Acta Geologica Taiwanica, 11, 21-29.

Haralampiev, A. G. and Grover, J. (1993) Synthesis experiments in the binary system tsilaisite - dravite, Na[Mn_xMg_1-x]₃A1₆(BO₃)₃Si₆O₁₈(OH)₄, at T= 375-700⁰C and P 2000 bars; does garnet control the occurrence of tourmaline? Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, 25, 94-95.

Haralampiev, A. G. and Grover, J. (1994) Experimental mineralogy of tourmaline group: The binary system tsilaisite -dravite, Na[Mn_xMg_1-x]₃A1₆(BO₃)₃Si₆O₁₈(OH)₄, at T= 375-700⁰C and P 2000 and 3000 bars. International Mineralogical Association Meeting Abstracts, 16, 165-166.

Kargal'tsev, S. V. (1984) Izucheniye osobennostey rosta kristallov iskusstvennogo turmalina. Translated title: Studies of characteristic crystal growth of synthetic tourmaline. Fiziko khimicheskiye issledovaniya sul'fidnykh i silikatnykh sistem; sbornik nauchnyldi trudov. Physico-chemical studies of sulfide and silicate systems; a collection of scientific works. p. 73-79.

Kurshakova, L. D., Gileva, K. G., Tikhomirova, V.1., & Chicagov, A. V. (1977) Association of borosilicates with calcium borates according to experimental data. International Geology Review. 19, 577-584.

Kurylenko, C. (1951) Transformation de la dravite de Doubrova (Moravie) de 375 degree C a 1350 degree C. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences (Paris) 232, 2109-2111.

Kurylenko C. (1953) Analyses des tourmalines noires a laide de la microbalance de Chevenard. Comptes Rendus Academie des Sciences (Paris) 239, 391-393.

Kurylenko, K. I. (1957) Densite des tourmalines et leur transformation au cours de chauffagejusqua 1350 degree C (title of French summary). Mineralogicheskii Sbornik, L'vovskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, L'vov, USSR, 11, 69-80 (Russian, French sunamary)

Lisitsyn, A. E. (1972) On the role of acidity-alkalinity of hydrothermal solutions in the formation of borosilicates. Geochem mt. 9, 940-943.

Robbins, C. R. and Yoder, H. S., Jr. (1962) Stability relations of dravite, a tourmaline. Carnegie Institute Washingron, Yearbook, 61, 106-108.

Ryadchikova, E. V. (1990) An experimental study of granodiorite tourmalinization. Zharikov, V. A. Experiment-89; informative volume. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Inst. Eksp. Mineral., Chernogolovka, USSR. p.90-91

Savage, D., Bateman, K. and Richards, H. G. (1992) Granite water interactions in a flow-through experimental system with application to the hot-dry rock geothermal system at Rosemanowes, Cornwall, UK. Applied Geochemistry, 7, 223-241.

Scaillet, B., Pichavant, M. and Roux, J. (1991) Tourmaline, biotite and muscovite stability in felsic peraluminous liquids, New experimental data. Terra Abstracts, 3, 30.

Schreyer, W. (2000) Is the partitioning of boron between tourmaline and muscovite dependent on the crystallization environment? Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 45/1-2, 13-20.

Schreyer, W. and Werding, G. (1997) High-pressure behaviour of selected boron minerals and the question of boron distribution between fluids and rocks. Lithos, 41, 251-266.

Tolga, O. (1999) Equilibrium conditions of axinite and uvite: application to hydrothermal fields of the Aegean region. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Vasil'yev, Ye K. (1990) Turmalin, (rentgenografiya i tipomorfizm). Translated title: Tourmaline; X-ray analysis and typomorphism. 134p. PB: Izd. Nauka, Novosibirsk

von Goerne, G., Franz, G. and Robert, J. –L. (1999) Upper thermal stability of tourmaline + quartz in the system MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃-H₂O and Na₂O-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃-H₂O-HCl in hydrothermal solutions and siliceous melts. Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 1025-1040.

Voskresenskaya, I.E. (1976) Phase formation in experiments on tourmaline synthesis. Mineralogicheskii Shornik, L'vovskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, 30, 14-23.

Voskresenskaya, I.E. and Barsukova, M. L. (1971) Synthesis and properties of some iron and iron-free varieties of tourmaline (English translation), in Hydrothermal synthesis of Crystals, A. N. Lobachev, ed. Consultants Bureau, New York, pp.126-138.

Voskresenskaya, I.E. and Shternberg, A. A. (1973) Synthesis of tourmaline in chloride media, I., Kristallografiya, 18, 562-563.

Weisbrod, A. (1987) Boron content of hydrothermal solutions and tourmaline solubility. Terra Cognita, 408.

Weisbrod, A., Polak, C. and Roy, D. (1986) Experimental study of tourmaline solubility in the system Na-Mg-Al-Si-B-O-H. Applications to the boron content of natural hydrothermal fluids and tourmalinization processes. International Symposium on Experimental Mineralogy Abstracts, 1, 140-141.

Werding, G. and Schreyer, W. (1996) Experimental studies on borosilicates and selected borates. In E. S. Grew and L. M. Anovitz, editors "Boron – Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry", Reviews in Mineralogy, 33, 117-163.

Wolf, M. B. and London, D. (1997) Boron in granitic magmas: stability of tourmaline in equilibrium with biotite and cordierite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 130, 12-30.

Frondel, C. and Collette, R. L. (1957) Synthesis of tourmaline by reaction of mineral grains with NaCl-H₃BO₃ solution, and its implications in rock metamorphism. American Mineralogist, 42, 754-758.

Frondel, C., Hurlbut, C. S., Jr. and Collette, R. C. (1947) Synthesis of tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 32, 680.

Fuchs, Y., Lagache, M. and Linares, G. (1998) Fe-tourmaline synthesis under T and f(02) conditions. American Mineralogist, 83, 525-534.

Gourdant, J. –P. and Robert, J. –L. (1997) The Mg-Ni substitution in synthetic tourmalines: crystal-chemical considerations in the system Na₂O-MgO-NiO-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O. Tourmaline 1997 Abstracts, 32-33.

Kahlenberg, V. and Velickov, B. (2000) Structural investigations on a synthetic alkali-free hydrogen-deficient Fe-tourmaline (foitite). European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 947-953.

Kovyzhenko, N. A. (1974) Synthetic tourmalines obtained in high-concentration chloride media. Chemical Abstracts, 83, 35840q.

Lebedev, A. S., Kargal'tsev, S. V., and Pavlynchenko, V.S. (1986) Hydrothermally grown Mg- and Fe-tourmalines. IMA Abstracts with program 1986. p.152

Lebedev, A. S., Kargal'tsev, S. V., and Pavlyucheuko, V.S. (1988) Sintez i svoystva tunnalinov ryada Al-Mg-(Na) i Al-Fe-(Na). Translated title: Synthesis and properties of the tourmaline series Al-Mg-(Na) and Al-Mg-(Na). Crystal growth and properties. 708. p.58-75.

Marler, B., Borowski, M., Wodara, U. and Schreyer, W. (2002) Synthetic tourmaline (olenite) with excess boron replacing silicon in the tetrahedral site. II Structural analysis. European Journal of Mineralogy, 14, 763-772.

Morgan, G. B. VI, and London, D. (1987) Behavior of boron and tourmaline stability in granitic systems. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 19. (7). p.777-778

Morgan, George B. VI, and London, David (1988) Experimental reactions of amphibolite with boron-bearing aqueous fluids at 200 MPa; tourmaline stability and partial melting in mafic rocks. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 20. (7). p.191

Morgan, G. B. IV and London, D. (1989) Experimental reactions of amphibolite with boron-bearing aqueous fluids at 200 MPa: implications for tourmaline stability and partial melting in mafic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 102, 281-297.

Rosenberg, P. E. and Foit, F. F., Jr. (1979) Synthesis and characterization of alkali-free tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 64, 180-186.

Rosenberg, P. E. and Foit, F. F., Jr. (1985) Tourmaline solid solutions in the system MgO-A1₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃-H₂O. American Mineralogist, 70, 1217-1223.

Rosenberg, P. E., Foit, F. F., Jr. and Ekambaram, V. (1986) Synthesis and characterization of tourmaline in the system Na₂O-A1₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃-H₂O. American Mineralogist, 71, 971-976.

Schreyer, W., Wodara, U., Marler, B., van Aken, P. A., Seifert, F. and Robert, J. L. (1999) Excess boron olenites: synthetic tourmalines of the system Na₂O-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O. 2^nd European Workshop on Tourmaline and Borosilicates Abstracts.

Schreyer, W., Wodara, U., Marler, B., van Aken, P. A., Seifert, F. and Robert, J. L. (2000) Synthetic tourmaline (olenite) with excess boron replacing silicon in the tetrahedral site: I. Synthesis conditions, chemical and spectroscopic evidence. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 529-542.

Smith, F. G. (1949) Transport and deposition of the nonsulfide vein minerals, IV Tourmaline. Economic Geology, 44, 186-192.

Taylor, A. M. and Terell, B. C. (1967) Synthetic tourmalines containing elements of the first transition series. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1,238-244.

Tomisaka, T. (1968) Synthesis of some end-members of the tourmaline group. Mineralogical Journal, 5, 355-364.

Ushio, M. and Sumiyoshi, Y. (1972) Synthesis of large single crystals, I, hydrothermal synthesis of dravite tourmaline. Chemical Abstracts, 76, 50960c.

Ushio, M. and Sumiyoshi, Y. (1971) Synthesis of large industrial single crystals: 1. Hydrothermal synthesis of dravite-tourmaline, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 74, 2252-2259. (in Japanese)

von Goerne, G. and Franz, G. (2000) Synthesis of Ca-tourmaline in the system CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃-H₂O-HCl. Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, 161-182.

von Goerne, G., Franz, G. and Gottschalk, M. (1996) Chemical compositions of synthetic tourmaline. Terra Nova, 8, 22.

von Goerne, G. and Franz, G. (2000) Synthesis of Ca-tourmaline in the system CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃-H₂O-HCl. Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, 161-182

von Goerne, G., Franz, G. and Heinrich, W. (1996) Disequilibrium growth of tourmaline. Terra Nova, 8, 22.

von Goerne, G., Franz, G. and Heinrich, W. (2001) Synthesis of tourmaline solid solutions in the system Na₂O-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃-H₂O-HCl and the distribution of Na between tourmaline and fluid at 300 to 700 ° C and 200 MPa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 141, 160-173.

von Goerne, G., Franz, G. and Wirth, R. (1999) Hydrothermal synthesis of large dravite crystals by the chamber method. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 1061-1078.

Vorbach, A. (1989) Experimental examinations on the stability of synthetic tourmalines in temperatures from 250⁰C to 750⁰C and pressures up to 4 kb. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralium, Abhandlugen, 161, 69-83.

Voskresenskaya, I.E. and Barsukova, M. L. (1971) Synthesis and properties of some iron and iron-free varieties of tourmaline. In A. N. Lobachev, Editor, Hydrothermal Synthesis of Crystals, Consultants Bureau Enterprises Inc., New York-London, 126-138.

Voskresenskaya, I.E. and Shternberg, A. A. (1973) Synthesis of tourmaline in chloride media, I. Chemical Abstracts, 79, 129975g.

Voskresenskaya, I.E., Kovyzheuko, N. A. and Shternberg, A. A. (1975) Synthesis of tourmaline in chloride media, II. Soviet Physics and Crystallography, 20, 129-131. (Chemical Abstracts, 83, 191 30c)

Werding, G. and Schreyer, W. (1984) Alkali-free tourmaline in the system MgO-A1₂O₃-B₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O. Geochimica et Cosmochimica, 48, 1331-1344.

Werding, G. and Schreyer, W. (1992) Synthesis and stability of werdingite, a new phase in the system MgO-A1₂O₃-B₂O₃-SiO₂ (MABS), and another new phase in the ABS system. European Journal of Mineralogy, 4, 193-207.

Wodara, U. and Schreyer, W. (2001) X-site vacant Al-tourmaline: a new synthetic end-member. European Journal of Mineralogy, 13, 521-531.

Darrell Henry is the Campanile Charities Professor of Geology and Geophysics at Louisiana State University whose research specialty is metamorphic petrology. Further details of his professional background are included in an accompanying vita or faculty profile.

To contact Darrell Henry call (225)-578-2693, fax (225)-578-2302 or e-mail dhenry@geol.lsu.edu . Address: Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.

This page was last updated on 04/17/06.

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